The impact of the covid-19 pandemic in medical undergraduates' eating habits

Good nutrition is one of the pillars for energy and general well-being, as well as disease prevention and physical development. This article aimed to evaluate the eating habits of medical students at the University Center for the Development of Alto Vale do Itajai (UNIDAVI) which occurred between the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods caused by COVID-19. For the research, classes comprised between the third and eighth semesters were selected, totaling 154 students. Eating habits were assessed using the questionnaire "Markers of Food Consumption", made available by the Ministry of Health. The results showed a number of students who rated their health as good and a decrease in those who rated it as very good. There was an increase in the average consumption of lunch, afternoon snack and dinner, and a decrease in the average intake of breakfast, morning snack and supper, maintaining an average of four meals a day in both periods. Regarding the food consumed, there was an increase in the intake of fruits and vegetables, as well as hamburgers/sausages, sweetened drinks, sweets and sweets and frozen/fast food. The reduction in global intake was restricted to the alternatives of beans and snacks/biscuits. Finally, there was a decrease in the evaluation of distractions such as TV and cell phone permeating meals. In conclusion, there was a worsening in the perception of global health, an increase in general food consumption, a decrease in the frequency of morning meals and an increase in evening meals, and conservation of the average number of daily meals.

Short-Term Clinical Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction In Adolescents During The COVID-19 Pandemic

Background/Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted adolescents across multiple areas of health. While many factors influence outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early patient outcomes after ACLR is currently unknown in an adolescent population. The purpose of this study was to determine if short-term clinical outcomes were different in adolescents after ACLR for those who underwent surgery pre-COVID versus during the COVID-19 pandemic timeframe. Design Retrospective cohort Methods A retrospective review of records occurred for patients who underwent ACLR with a quadriceps tendon autograft. Two separate review timeframes were defined according to date of surgery (control: September 2017 - October 2019;COVID: March 2020 - May 2021). Patients were classified into pre-COVID (control) and COVID groups by surgical date and were then age- and sex-matched. Three-month postoperative outcomes were included for analysis, including normalized isometric quadriceps and hamstring peak torque, Anterior Cruciate Ligament - Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI), and the Pedi International Knee Documentation Committee Form (Pedi-IKDC) scores. Results Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria (34 females, 56.7%). Follow-up testing occurred at 3.2 months (98.13 +/- 14.91 days) postoperative. A significant difference was found between groups for normalized quadriceps peak torque on the uninvolved limb, with the control group (2.03 +/- 0.47 Nm/kg) demonstrating decreased peak torque compared to the COVID group (2.49 +/- 0.61 Nm/kg) (p =0.002, effect size (d) = 0.84). For the involved limb, no difference in normalized quadriceps peak torque was observed between the control group (1.25 +/- 0.33 Nm/kg) and those who underwent surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic (1.49 +/- 0.70 Nm/kg) (p = 0.09). No differences were identified between groups for any of the other strength outcomes (p = 0.31 - 0.87). Similarly, no differences in patient reported outcomes were found for Pedi-IKDC or ACL-RSI between groups (p = 0.12 - 0.43). Conclusion At roughly three months after ACLR, normalized quadriceps peak torque on the uninvolved limb was reduced by 18.5% for adolescents who underwent surgery pre-COVID versus during the COVID-19 pandemic timeframe. No group differences were observed for other isometric strength outcomes, Pedi-IKDC, or ACL-RSI scores.

EVALUATION OF THE LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MENTAL HEALTH IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DURING THE SARS-COV2 PANDEMIC

The pandemic caused by SARS-COV2, worldwide caused a sedentary lifestyle and damage to mental health in the general population, including university students, a sector that did not escape these adverse effects due to the pandemic. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to evaluate the levels of physical activity (PA) and mental health in university students during the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-COV2) pandemic. The DASS-21 scale, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the SF-36 Health Questionnaire were applied to 63 university students from the State of Veracruz, Mexico, aged 18 to 24 years. The data treatment was carried out in the statistical software SPSS v.25, the results showed that 76.2% of the sample was found in physically active levels, likewise the correlation coefficients made between physical activity (PA) and anxiety (r= -.41) physical activity (PA) and stress (r= -.42) showed negative correlations with moderate to intense magnitudes, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that performing physical activity during the pandemic was shown to significantly reduce problems related to mental health in university students.

ERGOMETRY FOR BOXERS AND CARDIOTRAINING_CIDC IN THE POST COVID-19 ERA

Introduction: Sports ergometry performed on boxers allows the assessment of physiological parameters, used as indicators of physical performance. Objective: Redesign specific ergometric protocols for boxing and apply the CARDIOTRAINING_CIDC software, for the benefit of individualized sports planning. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental study, between April 2020 and April 2021;sample: 14 boxers from the Cuban National Team;Age: 24 to 31 years old, all male. Two types of maximum stress tests on treadmills were carried out: one conventional and the other specific for boxing. Software, CARDIOTARINING_CIDC, an Excel VBA macro, was used to calculate and store heart rate values. Results: The following were recorded in the first and second ergometries: maximum heart rate and its percentage with respect to the estimated one;maximal oxygen consumption (means: 45 and 61.4 mL/kg/min), myocardial oxygen consumption (30.3 mL/ min and 41.8 mL/ min), and metabolic equivalent (means: 12.8 METS and 17.6 METS). Three of these indicators had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.01) in the ergometry designed for the study, compared to the conventional one. Conclusions: The specific ergometry for boxing was more effective in performing maximum cardiopulmonary stress tests.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, TIME IN FRONT OF THE COMPUTER, HOURS OF SLEEP AND BODY MASS INDEX IN ADOLESCENTS IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced enormous changes in the activities of daily life of people. Physical activity levels have decreased, time in front of the computer has increased, producing physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle in schoolchildren. The objective was to determine the direct association between physical activity. time in front of the computer and hours of sleep with the body mass index in adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age in the Puno region Peru. The approach used is quantitative, the type of research that was assumed is non-experimental with a cross-sectional design. An intentional non-probabilistic sample of 465 adolescents (241 women and 224 men) with a mean age of (14.14 +/- 1.34) was applied. The instruments used were the physical activity questionnaire, time in front of the computer with a reliability analysis of Cronbach's Alpha of 0.918 and 0.862, self-reported measurements of body weight and standing height. Results 20.65% of women have a low level of physical activity, 9.87% of men predominate in high physical activity. 14.19% of women spend more time in front of the computer during the week from 6 to 7 hours a day, unlike 12.26% of men. 23.66% of women are overweight and 5.81% obese, compared to 20% and 3.23% of men. There is an inversely proportional Spearman's Rho correlation of -0.167 and p<0.01. Concluding that with less physical activity, the body mass index increases.

Effect of the "Active Mobile Schools" Intervention in Times of Pandemic on the Perception of Self-Efficacy, Enjoyment, and the Level of Physical Activity in Costa Rican and Panamanian Children

Objective: This research aimed to examine the effect of the Active Mobile Schools intervention on self-efficacy, enjoyment, and the perception of the level of physical activity in Costa Rican and Panamanian children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The research sample comprised 55 girls and boys, aged between 7 and 9 years, from two public schools in Panama and Costa Rica. Results: The study mainly found that the intervention positively affected (pre-post improvements) the three dependent variables, but only in self-efficacy was the effect statistically significant (with moderate magnitude). In enjoyment and level of physical activity, the effect was small:There were no differences between countries, but a trend of deterioration was found in the participants of the control groups, in the three variables, especially in the Panamanian participants. Conclusions: The study leads to the conclusion that this intervention showed that using a multilevel model in times of pandemic, it was possible to improve the perception of self-efficacy and maintain levels of enjoyment and physical activity in the participating population, unlike the control group that showed a deterioration of the three variables in the infants.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Preventive Program for Soccer Female Players During Confinement Periods

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a worldwide sports shutdown, leading to a reduced athletes' workload, which is likely to increase the risk of injury after return to play when coupled with the expected increase in competitive density after the confinement period. in this regard, the knee is one of the joints with the highest injury prevalence among female soccer players, being the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) one of the most frequent and severe. Thus, the present study aimed to develop an ACL injury prevention program that female soccer players could carry out during confinement periods. After reviewing the scientific literature, it was observed that strength training (with a main focus on the posterior chain), improved landing technique, lumbopelvic stability, and flexibility are associated with a lower risk of ACL injury in women. The program focuses on modifiable risk factors, so it should serve as a guide that can be adapted according to each context: individual characteristics, initial conditions, and evolution of the subject during development. Therefore, this study presents an intervention aiming at reducing the probability of ACL injury in female soccer players, after confinement periods, by directly influencing mechanisms of ACL injury previously reported for female soccer players.

Influence of COVID-19 on Social Networks of Non-competitive Events in School and Adult Ages? A Case Study

Social networks are useful and effective as a tool for improving sporting events. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the statistical data of participation and the impact of social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) of "Gimnastrada de Extremadura" (Gymnastics of Extremadura). It also sought to know the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on this sporting event. The study analyzed the participation and interaction data on social networks in the periods 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. The same marketing strategy was always used in all online media. Therefore, a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the data was performed. The results showed that the number of participants in the event had increased significantly since the use of social networks, with women being the main followers. Facebook was the social medium mainly used by users to know the Gymnastics of Extremadura in school and adult ages. The results also demonstrated the importance of understanding the followers' interactions on social media to plan new online marketing strategies. Besides, even though the event was suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the statistical data of the event's social networks increased every year, and the publication of the poster of the event or its suspension were the moments that received the greatest number of actions on social networks such as Like or Share / Retweet the news.

Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity Associated With Stress, Anxiety, and Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction. As a preventive measure to limit contagion in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, confinement was implemented. This event limited the availability of food and favored the consumption of less healthy processed and non-perishable foods, behaviors that can be seen related to mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety and depression. Methods. It's quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling carried out between August-October, 2020 with the participation of 1657 Latin American people from the general population. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 questionnaire and the eating behaviors questionnaire associated with stress, anxiety and depression-17 were applied. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess the association between variables. Results. 62% presented some degree of depression, 55.9% anxiety and 55.2% stress. An association was found between stress with physical activity (p 0.048), fish consumption (p 0.041), water (p 0.003), breads / desserts (p 0.005), fast foods (p <0.001), sugary drinks (p 0.035), tea and infusions (p 0.023) and cocoa and its derivatives (p 0.018);anxiety with physical activity (p 0.006), intake of vegetables (p 0.022), fish (p 0.031), oils (p 0.008), breads / desserts (p 0.026), fast foods (p <0.001), tea and infusions (p 0.018), cocoa and derivatives (p 0.038) and vitamin supplements (p 0.016);depression with physical activity (p 0.037), consumption of fruits (p 0.012), water (p 0.012), coffee (p 0.045), breads / desserts (p 0.003), fast foods (p <0.001). Conclusions. An association was found between the consumption of certain foods and high levels of stress, anxiety and depression.

Perceptions of Slackline Athletes in Relation to Effects on Training and Quality of Life in a COVID-19

The COVID-19 disease is an emerging pandemic challenge, which has physical and psychological repercussions, deteriorating the quality of life in those who have been infected and, in turn, in those who have had to live in confinement. The objective of this study is to know the perceptions of Slackline athletes regarding the effects on training and quality of life derived from the COVID-19 situation. The research is based on a cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive quantitative method. The instrument used was a self-applied survey with three dimensions;229 people from 28 countries correctly answered it, 176 men (15 - 57 years) and 51 women (20 - 43 years), belonging to Europe, America, Asia, and Oceania. The results show that 97.8% say they have lost motivation, 60.2% declare they have poor infrastructure conditions and / or little access to their training places, 65.5% have financial problems, and 88.2 % have presented health problems, highlighting that 10% of those surveyed have been diagnosed with positive COVLD-19. It is concluded that the confinement and pandemic situation has created an unfavorable environment for Slackline athletes due to the complications to carry out their training sessions, lack of access to public spaces, demotivation, loss of physical capacity, and increase in injuries.

The Effects of the Hybrid Telerehabilitation Exercise Program in Inactive University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic - A Randomized Controlled Study

Background/Aim The need for alternative methods to prevent physical inactivity and related problems is increasing day by day due to the prevalence of physical inactivity among university students, especially in the pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a hybrid telerehabilitation exercise program on the physical inactivity, poor sleep quality and physio-mental negativities caused by the pandemic in university students. Materials and Methods The study was completed with sixty-three physically inactive students with poor sleep quality, divided into two groups. The physiotherapist made all assessments at baseline and after the 6-week for both groups. Assessments consisted of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Short Form-12 (SF-12), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). While no exercise program was applied to the control group, one session synchronous exercise training and one session control education were given to the exercise group. After two synchronous training sessions, the exercise group asynchronously continued the exercise program including indoor walking, flexibility and strengthening exercises for 6 weeks. Results According to inter-groups analysis, PSQI (p=0.026), BDI (p=0.037), SF-12 Mental (p=0.007), and IPAQ-sitting (p=0.003) of the exercise group had significant differences compared to the control. Also, the exercise group's PSQI, BDI, SF-12, and IPAQ-sitting time were p<0.001, while no change was observed in the control group in the within-group analysis (p>0.05). Conclusion Hybrid telerehabilitation exercise programs are a valuable, simple, and practical tool to improve sleep quality, prevent inactivity, develop and protect mental health among university students. Encouraging physically inactive people to engage in such methods may be one of the primary preventive approach to prevent the future negative consequences.

Aggression in martial arts coaches and sports performance with the COVID-19 pandemic in the background-a dual processing analysis

Background and Study Aims: Considering the dual processing model, human behaviour is guided by implicit and explicit processing. Implicit or automatic processing is essentially a spontaneous processing that occurs in the absence of conscious control. Coaches' aggression can be, therefore, assessed both explicitly and implicitly. The aims of our research were to identify what is specific for successful martial arts coaches, considering aggression and whether implicit aggression is a better predictor of sports performance than explicit aggression. Material and Methods: Sixty-two martial arts coaches took part in the study. For assessing explicit aggression, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Romanian adaptation of the Makarowski's Aggression Questionnaire were used. Implicit aggression was measured through a test derived from the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) for self-concept measurement, using the 20+40 trials subdivision and the classic 7-block version. Results: Coaches with international and national performances associated aggression (measured IAT) with others at a stronger level (M = 0.46 +/- 0.010), compared to novice coaches, at the beginning of their career (M = 0.38 +/- 0.08). The average value for verbal aggression is significantly higher [t(60) = 2.12, p = 0.038] in successful coaches (which obtained a slightly above average score) compared to beginners/ young coaches (below average score). The effect size index (Hedge's g = 0.51) shows a moderate difference between the results (for verbal aggression) of successful coaches and coaches at the beginning of their career. The binomial logistic regressions are statistically significant (p < 0.05;"Omnibus test - Model"). The logistic regression models were statistically significant: VA -chi 2(1) = 4.48, p < 0.05;IAT -chi 2(1) = 10.29, p < 0.005. In the case of martial arts coaches, implicit aggression test is a better predictor of sports performance than explicit (verbal) aggression. Conclusions: In the case of martial arts coaches, implicit aggression represents a better predictor of sport performances than explicit (verbal) aggression. The study results are also increasing awareness regarding the level of manifestation of different factors of aggression in successful coaches, thus preventing violent and unethical behaviours, with negative impact on well-being of young athletes (mainly). The study offers valuable resources for novice martial arts coaches (and not only), sports psychologists and researchers eager to better understand the role of indirect measures in sports performance.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 RESTRICTIVE MEASURES ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The purpose of this review was to gather studies that reported on the impact of COVID-19 restrictive measures on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children and adolescents, and to present key findings. The search for articles was performed in three databases of scientific literature: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We included articles that reported a change in the amount of physical activity and/or sedentary behavior during COVID-19 restrictive measures compared to the period before them. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The search returned 1391 hits, out of which 23 articles were included in the review. The studies showed that participation in physical activity predominantly decreased (in 17/23 studies) and sedentary behavior predominantly increased (in 16/17 studies). The results regarding the reduction of physical activity were the most consistent for moderate to vigorous physical activity, while the direction of change was mixed for some types of physical activity (e.g., exercise, walking). The results regarding sedentary behavior were mostly consistent in terms of increasing the total amount of sedentary behavior as well as types of sedentary behavior (e.g., watching TV, using tablets). This review showed that COVID-19 restrictive measures have further increased the issue of insufficient physical activity and excessive sedentary behavior among children and adolescents. There is a need for the development of interventions for maintaining/increasing physical activity among children and adolescents that would be suitable for the implementation during the future pandemics and other similar crisis situations.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SANITARY-MILITARY TASKS WITH SURGICAL MASK

Using a quasi-experimental design with 19 health workers (33.7 ?? 5.1 years), the importance of physical and cognitive condition and performance when wearing protective equipment with a surgical mask during training situations in significant contexts of military intervention has been analysed. Heart rate and its variability, glucose levels, thermoregulation, explosive strength and perceived effort in specific motor performance tasks (tapping test, tourniquet, ammunition), and cognitive and decisional performance (triage) were measured. The results indicate significant differences (p < 05) depending on the physical condition (blood glucose and explosive strength), gender (explosive strength and tourniquet), smoking habit (perceived effort) and specialty (glucose level) in the study group. In conclusion, the importance of physical and psychological training is highlighted to improve the operational response in health-military situations that require the use of a surgical mask.

Women Yoga Practitioners' Experiences in the Pandemic: From Collective Exhaustion to Affirmative Ethics

This article engages Rosi Braidotti???s writing on COVID-19 and affirmative ethics to expand understandings of the purpose of leisure and physical activity in women???s lives during the pandemic. Utilizing a feminist methodology informed by an ethics of affirmation, care, and creativity, the authors share insights from in-depth interviews with five dedicated Yoga practitioners living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Herein, they reveal how Yoga???s physical, mental, and ethical practices supported women as they navigated numerous challenges during the pandemic. The authors discuss the women???s complex experiences of affect, including shared exhaustion and compassion. Finally, they illustrate how experiences of discomfort encouraged some women to rethink collective responsibility and experiment with communal solutions to better support others in the face of uncertain futures.